Gardiner, Clare , Professor

Professor Clare Gardiner

School of Allied Health Professions, Nursing and Midwifery

Professor of Palliative Care

c.gardiner@sheffield.ac.uk
+44 114 222 2038

Room 206A, 362 Mushroom Lane

Full contact details

Professor Clare Gardiner
School of Allied Health Professions, Nursing and Midwifery
Room 206A
362 Mushroom Lane
��«Ӱҵ
S10 2TS

Profile

Clare Gardiner is a professor of palliative care at the School of Allied Health Professionals, Nursing & Midwifery. She leads the ��«Ӱҵ Palliative and End of Life Care Research Group and is Co-Director of the Mesothelioma UK Research Centre. Clare has over 15 years of experience in palliative care research and has published over 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

In 2015, she was awarded a Vice Chancellor’s Fellowship to explore economic aspects of palliative care; in 2020 she was awarded a Winston Churchill Memorial Trust Fellowship to study policies supporting working end-of-life carers. Clare is Chair of the European Association for Palliative Care Reference Group for Family Caregivers.

Research interests

My research interests are in palliative and end of life care, ageing and older people, and mesothelioma. I am particularly interested in research concerning economic aspects of palliative care, particularly the costs of family caregiving. I have further research interests in social isolation in the elderly, and interventions to reduce loneliness including befriending. I am Co-Director of the Mesothelioma UK Research Centre which conducts research into patient experiences, service organisation and delivery in mesothelioma.

Current Projects:

Gardiner C & Tod A. Mesothelioma UK Research Centre, funder: Mesothelioma UK 2020-2023.

Gardiner C et al., Financial support for family caregivers This research project explored what financial support is available for family caregivers of people who have a terminal illness or are approaching the end of life.

Gardiner C. The cost of dying: a mixed methods study to explore the costs of palliative care. University of ��«Ӱҵ Vice-Chancellor's Fellowship. 2015-2019

Publications

Journal articles

Westbrook S, Ejegi-Memeh S, Sherborne V, Warnock C, Wood E, Stanford S, Tahar R, Creech L, Squib L, Twist C & Gardiner C (2025) . European Journal of Cancer Care, 2024.
Sherborne V, Ejegi-Memeh S, Tod AM, Taylor B, Hargreaves S & Gardiner C (2024) . BMJ Open, 14(6).
Sherborne V, Wood E, Mayland CR, Gardiner C, Lusted C, Bibby A, Tod A, Taylor B & Ejegi-Memeh S (2024) . European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 70.
Mitchell S, Turner N, Fryer K, Beng J, Ogden ME, Watson M, Gardiner C, Bayly J, Sleeman KE & Evans CJ (2024) . Research Involvement and Engagement, 10(1).
Webb EJD, Meads D & Gardiner C (2023) . Oxford Open Economics, 2, odad085.
Hargreaves S, Gardiner C, Tod A & Darlison L (2023) . British Journal of Community Nursing, 28(5), 248-252.
Hargreaves S, Clayton K, Creech L, Darlison L, Ejegi-Memeh S, Fenemore J, Gardiner C, Taylor B & Tod A (2023) . Lung Cancer, 178, S25-S25.
Sherborne V, Ejegi-Memeh S, Tod A, Hargreaves S & Gardiner C (2023) . Lung Cancer, 178, S24-S24.
Taylor B, Tod A, Gardiner C, Ejegi-Memeh S, Harrison M, Sherborne V, Couchman E, Senek M, Bachas Brook H, Ross J & Zhang X (2023) . European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 63, 102281-102281.
Turner N, Wahid A, Oliver P, Gardiner C, Chapman H, Khan D, Boyd K, Dale J, Barclay S, Mayland C & Mitchell S (2022) . Palliative Medicine.
Hargreaves S, Clayton K, Creech L, Darlison L, Ejegi-Memeh S, Fenemore J, Gardiner C, Taylor B & Tod A (2022) . European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 102207-102207.
Gardiner C, Taylor B, Goodwin H, Robinson J & Gott M (2022) . Palliative Medicine, 36(6), 986-993.
Gardiner C, Harrison M, Hargreaves S & Taylor B (2022) . Journal of Advanced Nursing.
Gardiner C, Tod A, Ejegi-Memeh S & Sherborne V (2022) . Lung Cancer, 165, S26-S26.
Ejegi-Memeh S, Taylor B, Gardiner C & Tod A (2022) . Lung Cancer, 165, S25-S25.
Bolton LE, Seymour J & Gardiner C (2022) . Palliative Medicine, 36(4), 567-580.
Harrison M, Darlison L & Gardiner C (2022) . Journal of Palliative Care, 37(2), 197-203.
Gardiner C & Bolton L (2021) . Nurs Stand.
Mitchell S, Oliver P, Gardiner C, Chapman H, Khan D, Boyd K, Dale J, Barclay S & Mayland C (2021) . BJGP Open.
Ejegi-Memeh S, Sherborne V, Harrison M, Taylor B, Senek M, Tod A & Gardiner C (2021) . Lung Cancer, 156, s31.
Taylor B, Tod A, Gardiner C, Forde F, Creech L & Darlison L (2021) . Lung Cancer, 156, s15-s16.
Webb EJD, Meads D & Gardiner C (2021) . BMC Health Services Research, 21.
Harrison M, Gardiner C, Taylor B, Ejegi-Memeh S & Darlison L (2021) . Palliative Medicine.
Taylor B, Tod A, Gardiner C, Creech L, Forde F & Darlison L (2021) . Cancer Nursing Practice, 20(2).
Mitchell S, Maynard V, Lyons V, Jones N & Gardiner C (2020) . Palliative Medicine.
Gardiner C, Robinson J, Connolly M, Hulme C, Kang K, Rowland C, Larkin P, Meads D, Morgan T & Gott M (2020) . BMC Palliative Care, 19(1).
Gardiner C, Laud P, Heaton T & gott M (2020) . Age And Ageing.
Manson J, Gardiner C & McTague L (2020) . International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 26(1), 32-44.
Chambers E, Gardiner C, Thompson J & Seymour J (2019) . Palliative Medicine, 33(8), 969-984.
Gardiner C, Taylor B, Robinson J & Gott M (2019) . Palliative Medicine.
Clark J, Barnes A, Campbell M & Gardiner C (2019) . Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 57(4), 793-801.
Clark J, Barnes AJ & Gardiner C (2018) . Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 56(3), 363-370.
Gardiner C, Ryan T & Gott M (2018) . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 8, 250-257.
Gardiner C, Geldenhuys G & Gott M (2018) . Health & Social Care in the Community, 26(2), 147-157.
Robinson J, Gott M, Gardiner C & Ingleton C (2018) . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 8(4), 485-492.
Brereton L, Clark J, Ingleton C, Gardiner C, Preston L, Ryan T & Goyder E (2017) . Palliative Medicine, 31(9), 781-797.
Robinson J, Gott M, Frey R, Gardiner C & Ingleton C (2017) . Palliative Medicine.
Ryan T, Harrison M, Gardiner C & Jones A (2017) . Journal of Advanced Nursing, 73(10), 2351-2360.
Brereton L, Wahlster P, Mozygemba K, Lysdahl K, Burns J, Polus S, Tummers M, Refolo P, Sacchini D, Leppert W , Chilcott J et al (2017) . International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 33(5), 552-561.
Robinson J, Gott M, Gardiner C & Ingleton C (2017) . International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 23(7), 352-358.
Gardiner C, Ingleton C, Ryan T, Ward S & Gott M (2017) . Palliative Medicine, 31(4), 323-337.
Gardiner C, McDermott C & Hulme C (2017) . BMJ Supportive and Palliative Care.
Brereton L, Ingleton C, Gardiner C, Goyder E, Mozygemba K, Lysdahl KB, Tummers M, Sacchini D, Leppert W, Blazeviciene A , van der Wilt GJ et al (2017) . Palliative Medicine, 31(2), 181-192.
Harrison MA, Ryan A, Gardiner C & Jones A (2017) . Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 24(2), 119-125.
Clark J, Gardiner C & Barnes A (2016) . BMJ Supportive and Palliative Care, 8, 7-18.
Robinson J, Gott M, Gardiner C & Ingleton C (2016) . BMC Palliat Care, 15(1), 64-64.
Gardiner C & Barnes S (2016) . Progress in Palliative Care, 24(3), 159-164.
Gardiner C, Allen R, Moeke-Maxwell T, Robinson J & Gott M (2016) . BMJ Support Palliat Care, 6, 445-451.
Gardiner C, Brereton L, Frey R, Wilkinson-Meyers L & Gott M (2016) . Health & Social Care in the Community, 24(5), 519-531.
Gardiner C, Ingleton C, Gott M & Ryan T (2015) . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 5(4), 335-342.
Robinson J, Gott M, Gardiner C & Ingleton C (2015) . Palliative Medicine, 29(8), 703-710.
Gott M, Allen R, Moeke-Maxwell T, Gardiner C & Robinson J (2015) . Palliative Medicine, 29(6), 518-528.
Williams C & Gardiner C (2015) . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 5(2), 169-174.
Gardiner C, Brereton L, Frey R, Wilkinson-Meyers L & Gott M (2014) . Palliative Medicine, 28(5), 375-390.
Wilson F, Ingleton C, Gott M & Gardiner C (2014) . Journal of Advanced Nursing, 70(5), 1020-1029.
Gardiner C, Ward S, Gott M & Ingleton C (2014) . Palliative Medicine, 28(5), 422-429.
Harrison M, Ryan T, Gardiner C & Jones A (2013) . Emerg Med J, 30(12), 1033-1037.
Gardiner C, Gott M, Ingleton C & Richards N (2013) . Progress in Palliative Care, 21(5), 272-277.
Goyder E, Brereton ML, Gardiner C, Mozygemba K, Sacchini D, Oortwijn WJ, Lysdahl KB, Rehfuess EA & van der Wilt GJ (2013) . European Journal of Public Health, 23(suppl_1).
Gott M, Gardiner C, Ryan T, Parker C, Noble B & Ingleton C (2013) . Journal of Palliative Care, 29(3), 147-153.
Whittingham K, Barnes S & Gardiner C (2013) . PALLIATIVE MEDICINE, 27(7), 596-607.
Ingleton C, Gardiner C, Seymour JE, Richards N & Gott M (2013) . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 3(2), 207-212.
Gardiner C (2013) . PUBLIC HEALTH, 127(6), 603-603.
Richards N, Ingleton C, Gardiner C & Gott M (2013) . J Adv Nurs, 69(12), 2654-2664.
Gardiner C, Harrison M, Ryan T & Jones A (2013) . Palliat Med, 27(9), 855-860.
Ryan T, Ingleton C, Gardiner C, Parker C, Gott M & Noble B (2013) . BMC Palliat Care, 12, 11.
Gott M, Gardiner C, Ingleton C, Cobb M, Noble B, Bennett MI & Seymour J (2013) . BMC Palliat Care, 12, 9.
Harrison MA, Gardiner C, Ryan T & Jones A (2013) . Stroke, 44(suppl_1).
Gardiner C, Gott M, Ingleton C, Seymour J, Cobb M, Noble B, Bennett M & Ryan T (2013) . Palliat Med, 27(1), 76-83.
Small N, Gardiner C, Barnes S, Gott M, Halpin D, Payne S & Seamark D (2012) "You get old, you get breathless, and you die": chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Barnsley, UK.. Health & place, 18(6), 1396-1403.
Small N, Gardiner C, Barnes S, Gott M, Halpin D, Payne S & Seamark D (2012) . Health and Place.
Barnes S, Gardiner C, Gott M, Payne S, Chady B, Small N, Seamark D & Halpin D (2012) . J Pain Symptom Manage, 44(6), 866-879.
Ward S, Gott M, Gardiner C, Cobb M, Richards N & Ingleton C (2012) . Progress in Palliative Care, 20(3), 147-153.
Gardiner C, Gott M, Ingleton C, Hughes P, Winslow M & Bennett MI (2012) . J Pain Symptom Manage, 44(2), 206-214.
Gardiner C, Gott M & Ingleton C (2012) . Br J Gen Pract, 62(598), e353-e362.
Gardiner C, Ingleton C & Gott M (2012) . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 2(Suppl 1), A40.4-A41.
Gardiner C, Ingleton C, Gott M, Noble B, Bennett M & Seymour J (2012) . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 2(Suppl 1), A13.2-A13.
Gardiner C, Gott M, Ingleton C, Hughes P, Winslow M & Bennett MI (2012) . Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 44(2), 206-214.
Brereton L, Gardiner C, Gott M, Ingleton C, Barnes S & Carroll C (2012) . J Adv Nurs, 68(5), 981-993.
Ryan T, Gardiner C, Bellamy G, Gott M & Ingleton C (2012) . Palliat Med, 26(7), 879-886.
Gott M, Seymour J, Ingleton C, Gardiner C & Bellamy G (2012) . Palliat Med, 26(3), 232-241.
Gardiner C, Brereton L, Gott M, Ingleton C & Barnes S (2011) . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 1(2), 162-166.
Gott M, Gardiner C, Bennett M & Ingleton C (2011) . British Medical Journal, 342.
Gardiner C, Cobb M, Gott M & Ingleton C (2011) . Age Ageing, 40(2), 233-238.
Gardiner C, Ingleton, C , Gott, M & Ryan T (2011) . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 1, 56-63.
Gott M, Ward S, Gardiner C, Cobb M & Ingleton C (2011) . Progress in Palliative Care, 19(6), 291-298.
Green E, Gardiner C, Gott M & Ingleton C (2011) . Journal of Palliative Care, 27(2), 107-116.
Gott M, Ingleton C, Bennett M & Gardiner C (2011) . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 1(1), 42-48.
Gardiner C & Ingleton C (2010) . J Clin Nurs, 19(21-22), 3253-3255.
Small N, Gardiner C, Barnes S, Gott M, Payne S, Seamark D & Halpin D (2010) . Palliat Med, 24(7), 740-741.
Gardiner CL, Gott M & Ingleton C (2010) . BRIT MED J, 340.
Gardiner C, Barnes S, Small N, Gott M, Payne S, Seamark D & Halpin D (2010) . Palliat Med, 24(5), 469-472.
Gardiner C & Ingleton C (2010) . J Clin Nurs, 19(7-8), 1189-1192.
Gardiner C, Gott M, Payne S, Small N, Barnes S, Halpin D, Ruse C & Seamark D (2010) . Respir Med, 104(2), 159-165.
Green E, Gardiner C, Gott M & Ingleton C (2010) . Progress in Palliative Care, 18(5), 281-290.
Gott M, Gardiner C, Small N, Payne S, Seamark D, Halpin D, Ruse C & Barnes S (2010) . Progress in Palliative Care, 18(2), 79-84.
Ingleton C & Gardiner C (2009) . J Clin Nurs, 18(24), 3516-3519.
Gardiner C, Gott M, Small N, Payne S, Seamark D, Barnes S, Halpin D & Ruse C (2009) . Palliat Med, 23(8), 691-697.
Gott M, Gardiner C, Small N, Payne S, Seamark D, Barnes S, Halpin D & Ruse C (2009) . Palliat Med, 23(7), 642-648.
Gott M, Ingleton C, Gardiner C, Ryan T, Noble B, Seymour J, Bennett M & Cobb M (2009) . Nurs Older People, 21(7), 26-29.
Ryan T, Ingleton C, Gardiner C, Nolan M & Gott M (2009) . Nurs Older People, 21(5), 18-23.
Wakefield D, Ward T, Edge H, Mayland CR & Gardiner C () . Palliative Medicine.
Mitchell S, Turner N, Fryer K, Aunger J, Beng J, Couchman E, Leach I, Bayly J, Gardiner C, Sleeman KE & Evans CJ () . Palliative Medicine.
Wilson F, Wardani E, Ryan T, Gardiner C & Talpur A () . Progress in Palliative Care, 1-7.
Gardiner C, Harrison M, Hargreaves S & Taylor B () . Progress in Palliative Care, 1-7.
Hudson PL, Gardiner C, Alvariza A, Nicholas Dionne-Odom J, Öhlén J, Carduff E, Harding R, Witkamp E & Payne S () . Palliative Medicine, 026921632211361-026921632211361.
Gardiner C () . BMJ, o1769-o1769.
Couchman E, Ejegi-Memeh S, Mitchell S & Gardiner C () . Progress in Palliative Care, 1-19.
Ejegi-Memeh S, Sherborne V, Harrison M, Taylor B, Senek M, Tod A & Gardiner C () Patients’ and informal carers’ experience of living with mesothelioma: A systematic rapid review and synthesis of the literature. European Journal of Oncology Nursing.
Manson J, Gardiner C, Taylor P, Ghasemi L, Westerdale-Shaw E, Sutton L & Cawley H () . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care.
Wilson F & Gardiner C () . Progress in Palliative Care, 1-7.
Barnes AJ, Gardiner C & Clark J () Re-framing Global palliative care advocacy for the Sustainable Development Goal era: a qualitative study of the views of international palliative care experts. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management.
Gott M, Ingleton C, Gardiner C, Richards N, Cobb M, Ryan T, Noble B, Bennett M, Seymour J, Ward S & Parker C () . Health Services and Delivery Research, 1(11), 1-138.
Mitchell S, Harrison M, Oliver P, Gardiner C, Chapman H, Khan D, Boyd K, Dale J, Barclay S & Mayland C () Service change and innovation in community end-of-life care during the COVID-19 pandemic: qualitative analysis of a nationwide primary care survey. Palliative Medicine.

Chapters

Gott M, Green E, Gardiner C, Lehman R & Johnson M (2024) , Heart Failure and Palliative Care (pp. 1-23). Routledge
Gardiner C, Ryan T, Gott M & Ingleton C (2015) , Palliative care for older people (pp. 257-264). Oxford University Press

Conference proceedings papers

Mayland CR, Collinson M, Ahmedzai S, Lucas J, Gath J, Darlison L, Defonseka D, Laird B, Stanley H, Gardiner C , Danson S et al (2024) . ‘The (Richard) Light Fantastic’ – Pleural disease diagnosis and outcomes (pp A236-A237)
Hiley C, Gosling A, Durno K, Patrick P, Clarke C, gardiner C, Shaw P & Counsell N (2024) . Journal of Thoracic Oncology, Vol. 19(10) (pp S411-S411)
Couchman E, Ejegi-Memeh S, Mitchell S & Gardiner C (2024) . British Journal of General Practice, Vol. 74(suppl 1) (pp bjgp24X737373-bjgp24X737373)
Hargreaves S, Gardiner C & Tod A (2024) . Lung Cancer, Vol. 190 (pp 107631-107631)
Hargreaves S, Gardiner C, Harrison M, Kirby J, Taylor B, Taylor L & Wakefield D (2024) . Lung Cancer, Vol. 190 (pp 107630-107630)
Taylor B, Gardiner C, Hargreaves S & Tod A (2024) . Lung Cancer, Vol. 190 (pp 107629-107629)
Ejegi-Memeh S, Sherborne V, Wood E, Mayland C, Balmer K, Gardiner C, Lusted C & Tod A (2024) . Lung Cancer, Vol. 190 (pp 107628-107628)
Ejegi-Memeh S, Westbrook S, Sherborne V, Warnock C, Stanford S, Squibb L, Twist C & Gardiner C (2024) . Lung Cancer, Vol. 190 (pp 107625-107625)
Couchman E, Ejegi-Memeh S, Mitchell S & Gardiner C (2024) . Poster Presentations
Couchman E, Ejegi-Memeh S, Mitchell S & Gardiner C (2024) . The Marie Curie Research Conference 2024
Couchman E, Ejegi-Memeh S, Mitchell S & Gardiner C (2023) . British Journal of General Practice, Vol. 73(suppl 1) (pp bjgp23X733485-bjgp23X733485)
Hargreaves S, Gardiner C, Harrison M, Taylor B, Kirby J, Wakefield D & Taylor L (2023) Research-based tools to encourage and facilitate engagement with palliative care for patients and families living with mesothelioma. LUNG CANCER, Vol. 178 (pp S23-S24)
Gardiner C, Harrison M & Taylor B (2022) Understanding the role of Mesothelioma UK clinical nurse specialists in meeting the palliative care needs of patients and families: a mixed methods study. LUNG CANCER, Vol. 165 (pp S26-S26)
Mayland CR, Mitchell S, Oliver P, Gardiner C, Chapman H, Khan D, Boyd K, Dale J & Barclay S (2021) . Oral presentations
Bolton LE, Seymour J & Gardiner C (2020) . Poster presentations
Clark J, Barnes A, Campbell M & Gardiner C (2019) . Oral presentations
Goyder E, Brereton L, Ingleton C, Gardiner C & Team INTEGRATE-HTA (2016) . EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Vol. 26 (pp 78-78)
Goyder EC, Brereton L, Gardiner C & Ingleton C (2016) . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, Vol. 70(Suppl 1) (pp A62.2-A63)
Richards NM, Gardiner C, Ingleton C & Gott M (2014) How do patients respond to end-of-life status?. Nursing Times, Vol. 110(11) (pp 21-23)
Wilson F, Ingleton C, Gott M & Gardiner C (2014) . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, Vol. 4(Suppl 1) (pp A28.2-A28)
Brereton L, Goyder E, Ingleton C, Gardiner C, Chilcott J, van der Wilt GJ, Oortwijn W, Mozygemba K, Lysdahl KB, Sacchini D & Lepper W (2014) . BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, Vol. 4(Suppl 1) (pp A40.3-A41)
Harrison M, Ryan T, Gardiner C & Jones A (2013) Evidence-based implementation: evaluating a knowledge exchange framework in UK stroke services. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STROKE, Vol. 8 (pp 32-33)
Harrison MA, Gardiner C, Ryan T & Jones A (2013) Key Stakeholders Recognize the Need for a Structured Approach to Psychological Support with Input from a Clinical Psychologist. STROKE, Vol. 44(2)
Gott M, Gardiner C, Payne S, Small N, Seamark D & Halpin D (2009) Barriers to advance care planning for older people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Patient and professional perspectives. AUSTRALAS J AGEING, Vol. 28 (pp A100-A100)
Gott M, Ingleton C, Gardiner C, Ryan T, Seymour J, Bennett M, Noble B & Cobb M (2009) Transitions to palliative care for older people in acute hospitals in the UK. AUSTRALAS J AGEING, Vol. 28 (pp A58-A58)
Huyton C, Wright I & Nicolson R (2009) DISTURBED SLEEP IN EPILEPSY: EFFECTS ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION, MOOD, AND QUALITY OF LIFE. EPILEPSIA, Vol. 50 (pp 61-61)
Halpin D, Gardiner C, Gott M, Barnes S, Payne S, Ruse C, Small N & Seamark D (2009) Discussing Prognosis in COPD: Findings from a Qualitative Study with Clinicians in the UK. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, Vol. 179
Huyton C, Wright I & Nicolosn R (2008) Sleep dependent procedural learning in children. JOURNAL OF SLEEP RESEARCH, Vol. 17 (pp 47-47)
Huyton C, Wright I & Nicolson R (2007) Actigraphic and parental reports of sleep disturbances in children with epilepsy. EPILEPSIA, Vol. 48 (pp 143-143)

Other

Gardiner C () . BMJ, l6448-l6448.

Preprints

Mitchell S, Oliver P, Gardiner C, Chapman H, Khan D, Boyd K, Dale J, Barclay S & Mayland C () .

Teaching interests: My teaching interests are in research methods and palliative and end of life care. I currently supervise PhD students in the areas of palliative and end of life care.

Professional activities and memberships: I am an Associate Editor for BMC Palliative Care, I sit on the Editorial Advisory Board for Palliative Medicine. I chair the EAPC taskforce for Costs of Family Caregiving, I co-chair the EAPC Reference Group for Family Caregivers. I chair the Palliative Care Studies Advisory Group PPI panel.