The findings, published in the journal Psychological Science, suggest that female players are not affected by negative stereotypes about women鈥檚 chess abilities during competition games. This is in contrast with previous findings on the phenomenon of stereotype threat which have suggested that awareness of negative stereotypes can hamper women鈥檚 performance.
Dr Tom Stafford, from the University of 葫芦影业鈥檚 Department of Psychology, who led the study, said: 鈥淭hese findings show that even famous psychological phenomena may not be present all the time. Factors other than stereotype threat appear to be more important in determining men and women's tournament chess performance. 鈥淟ooking at such a large real-world sample allows us a lot of confidence that our numbers are reliable.鈥
Being aware of a negative stereotype is thought to make individuals more anxious, more self-conscious, and less able to suppress negative thoughts 鈥 outcomes that ultimately hamper their ability to perform the task at hand.
Because women are noticeably underrepresented in the world of competitive chess, stereotype threat may be especially salient to women chess players. Previous experiments have provided some evidence for stereotype threat in chess, suggesting that women were less likely to win a match when they believed they were playing a male opponent.
women playing tournament chess do not seem to be at a disadvantage when paired with men
Dr Tom Stafford
Lecturer, University of 葫芦影业
To investigate this phenomenon in the real world, Dr Stafford analysed data from standard tournament chess games played between rated players between January 2008 and August 2015.
The FIDE rating system continuously incorporates game outcomes to update players鈥 ratings. These ratings can be used to predict who will win in a match between any two players.
In total, the analyses included data from 150,977 men and 16,158 women playing in 5,558,110 games.
Overall, men had a slightly higher average FIDE rating than women. But the game outcomes indicated that women won matches against men more often than would have been predicted given each player鈥檚 rating. This pattern held across the whole range of rating differences.
Women outperformed expectations when playing a man compared with when they played against other women, a finding that runs contrary to the negative effect that one would expect as a result of stereotype threat.
The findings surprised Dr Stafford and he notes that any conclusions are limited to the context of tournament chess and rated players.
鈥淭he news is good for female chess players, of whom there are exploding numbers. Although discrimination is real and pervasive, women playing tournament chess do not seem to be at a disadvantage when paired with men,鈥 Stafford said.
鈥淭his study of one social attitude in one domain鈥攇ender stereotypes in chess鈥攄oes nothing to disprove the reality of discrimination generally, but it does suggest that this one mechanism, stereotype threat, may be more limited in its applicability than one might conclude from reading the experimental literature alone.鈥
This research was supported in part by a Leverhulme Trust project grant on bias and blame (RPG-2013-326).
All materials have been made publicly available via the Open Science Framework. The complete Open Practices Disclosure for this article is available online.
This article has received the badge for Open Materials.
The APS journal Psychological Science is the highest ranked empirical journal in psychology.
For a copy of the article "Female Chess Players Outperform Expectations When Playing Men" and access to other Psychological Science research findings, please contact Anna Mikulak at 202-293-9300 or amikulak@psychologicalscience.org.